Unidad III. Aproximación al texto

GRAND CANYON

The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in the United States in the state of Arizona. It is largely contained within the Grand Canyon National Park, one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area, and visited it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery.

The Grand Canyon is 277 miles (446 km) long, up to 18 miles (29 km) wide and attains a depth of over a mile (1.83 km) (6000 feet).Nearly two billion years of the Earth's geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut their channels through layer after layer of rock while the Colorado Plateau was uplifted. While the specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon is the subject of debate by geologists, recent evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago. Since that time, the Colorado River continued to erode and form the canyon to the point we see it at today.

Before European immigration, the area was inhabited by Native Americans who built settlements within the canyon and its many caves. The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon ("Ongtupqa" in Hopi language) a holy site and made pilgrimages to it. The first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was García López de Cárdenas from Spain, who arrived in 1540.

1.     ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

Segun la Imagen que muestra el Texto, el topico a leer es acerca del paisaje "EL GRAN CAÑON"

2.     ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

La idea Principal del texto es conocer sobre un maravilloso paisaje el cual está considerado como una de las maravillas naturales del mundo y está situado en su mayor parte dentro del  Parque Nacional del Gran Cañon (uno de los primeros Parques Naturales de los Estados Unidos)

3.     ¿Qué palabras se repiten?

The, Grand, Canyon, National, of, was, it, and, to, by.

4.     ¿Qué palabras se parecen al español?

President, Colorado, national, grand, area, considered, million, rock, preservation, formed, exposed, Native

5.     ¿Cuáles son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

Grand Canyon.

6.     ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.

El articulo trata sobre el primer parque nacional de Estados Unidos, llamado el Gran Cañón, este se encuentra en el rio Colorado, Estado Arizona. El Cañon abarca unas asombrosas 277 millas de largo y en su punto más profundo tiene casi una milla desde el borde hacia abajo. El primer europeo que contempló el Gran Cañón del Colorado fue García López de Cárdenas en 1540.

SCANNING

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Taylor was born in 1856 to a wealthy Quaker family in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Taylor's ancestor, Samuel Taylor, settled in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1677. Taylor's father, Franklin Taylor, a Princeton-educated lawyer, built his wealth on mortgages.^[3] Taylor's mother, Emily Annette Taylor (née Winslow), was an ardent abolitionist and a coworker with Lucretia Mott. Educated early by his mother, Taylor studied for two years in France and Germany and traveled Europe for 18 months.^[4] In 1872, he entered Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire.

Upon graduation, Taylor was accepted at Harvard Law School. However due to rapidly deteriorating eyesight, Taylor had to consider an alternative career. After the depression of 1873, Taylor became an industrial apprentice patternmaker, gaining shop-floor experience at a pump-manufacturing company, Enterprise Hydraulic Works, in Philadelphia. Taylor's career progressed in 1878 when he became a machine shop laborer at Midvale Steel Works. At Midvale, Taylor was promoted to gang-boss, foreman, research director, and finally chief engineer of the works. Taylor became a student of Stevens Institute of Technology, studying via correspondence and obtaining a degree in mechanical engineering in 1883. On May 3, 1884, he married Louise M. Spooner of Philadelphia.

From 1890 until 1893 Taylor worked as a general manager and a consulting engineer to management for the Manufacturing Investment Company of Philadelphia, a company that operated large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin. He spent time as a plant manager in Maine. In 1893, Taylor opened an independent consulting practice in Philadelphia. His business card read "Systematizing Shop Management and Manufacturing Costs a Specialty". In 1898, Taylor joined Bethlehem Steel, where he, Maunsel White, and a team of assistants developed high speed steel. For his process of treating high speed tool steels he received a personal gold medal at the Paris exposition in 1900, and was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal that same year by the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Taylor was forced to leave Bethlehem Steel in 1901 after antagonisms with other managers. In 1901, Frederick and Louise Taylor adopted three orphans Kempton, Robert and Elizabeth.

On October 19, 1906, Taylor was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Pennsylvania.^[6] Taylor eventually became a professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College.^[7] Late winter of 1915 Taylor caught pneumonia and one day after his fifty-ninth birthday, on March 21, 1915 he died. He was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

1.      Where was he from?

Taylor nació en el año 1856 su familia residia en Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

2.      What was his profession?

            Frederick Winslow Taylor fue un Ingeniero Mecanico y economista Estado unidense

3.      Where do he studied?

Taylor studio en  Stevens Institute of Technology, studio via correspondencia y obtuvo el grado de Ingeniero Mecanico.

4.      When does he die?

Taylor fallece el 21 de Marzo de 1915

Taller unidad 1 y 2

A.   Categorías lexicales y uso del diccionario

1.    Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu área de interés

USES NATURAL GAS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

Electricity generation is the main non-residential use of natural gas. Globally, there is a growing demand for electricity, along with reduced tolerance for nuclear power plants and hydropower, a tightening of limits in air, water, noise and pollution, and the high cost wind power and solar. This leaves the gas generation as one of the only options left for utilities.

Coal remains the dominant fuel for power plants in the world. Coal has been the main fuel thermoelectric, due to its low price, worldwide availability, ease of transport, and low technology threshold. However, its major disadvantage is the pollution emitted by combustion.

The natural gas power plants are much cleaner and more efficient than its predecessors. They are also larger, cheaper to build, less noisy, less polluting and easier to turn on and off. In addition, obtaining permits to build natural gas power plants are usually much easier than an equivalent coal or nuclear plants, for these reasons.

The development of independent power producers and increased plant efficiency of combined cycle natural gas have allowed it to become the preferred fuel.

In conventional power plants steam power, fuels such as natural gas, coal or oil to generate steam, which in turn drives a turbine to generate electricity. This process generates waste heat steam generator and low pressure steam turbine. The low-pressure steam can be used for heating, if the demand is there, but can not be used to generate additional power. The overall efficiency, or energy absorption ratio compared to electricity produced by conventional power plants is around 34%.

A combined cycle plant, however, generates power directly from a gas generator when the gas is burned directly in a turbine to generate electricity. Also generates power from steam generated by heat exhausted by the gas generator. Because the gasifier operates at high temperatures, the vapor generated by heat from the gas turbine waste too much energy to move a steam turbine. Efficiency combined cycle plants have increased from 40% to 50% in 1980 to about 55% in more advanced plants.

2.    Identifica tres (03) palabras que no conoces. 

Agrega las abreviaciones.

·         Development (Noun): Desarrollo

·         However (adverb): Sin embargo

·         Steam (Noun): Vapor

3.    Idea principal del texto (en español) 

       En el texto se mencionan las energías alternativas como lo es el gas y las plantas  eléctricas de gas natural las cuales nos dice que son mucho más limpias y más eficientes que sus predecesoras. Son también más grandes, más económicas de construir, menos ruidosas, menos contaminantes y más fácil de encender y apagar. Además, también hace mención que la obtención de permisos para construir dichas plantas  suelen ser mucho más fácil que un equivalente de carbón o centrales nucleares, Sin Embargo el artículo hace mención de los ciclos combinados, los cuales genera la energía directamente de un generador de gas cuando el gas se quema directamente en una turbina para generar electricidad. También se genera energía a partir del vapor generado por el calor agotado por el generador de gas. Debido a que el generador de gas funciona a altas temperaturas, En conclusión El desarrollo de productores independientes de energía y el aumento de la eficiencia de las plantas de gas natural de ciclo combinado han permitido convertirse en el combustible preferido para las industrias.

4.    Categorías lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoría)

·         Palabras de contenido: water, pollution

·         Palabras de Función: by, The

·         Verbos: build, noise

·         Adverbio:, Globally, usually

·         Adjetivo: Low, high

·         Artículo: The, a, an

·         Preposiciones: Of, from

·         Conjunción: of, and

·         Cognados verdaderos: demand, limits, options

·         cognados Falsos: fuel

·         Sufijo: only (ly), directly (ly)

·         Prefijos: hydropower (hydro), thermoelectric (thermo)

A.   Estructura de la oración: (2 ejemplos)

1 .-  The development of independent power producers and increased plant efficiency of combined cycle natural gas have allowed it to become the preferred fuel.

 Frase nominal: The development of independent power producers and increased plant efficiency of combined cycle natural

      Nucleo: development

      Pre-modificadores: The

      Post-Modificadores: of independent power producers and increased plant efficiency of combined cycle natural

     Frase verbal: have allowed it to become the preferred fuel.

     Nucleo: have

    Tiempo Verbal: presente

2 - In conventional power plants steam power, fuels such as natural gas, coal or oil to generate steam, which in turn drives a turbine to generate electricity.

Frase nominal: In conventional power plants steam power, fuels such as natural gas, coal or oil to

Nucleo: steam

Pre-modificadores: In conventional power plants

Post-Modificadores: power, fuels such as natural gas, coal or oil to

Frase verbal: generate steam, which in turn drives a turbine to generate electricity.

Nucleo: generate

Tiempo Verbal: Presente Simple

UNIDAD II

ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORACIÓN

Hello again friends...

In this unit the subject selected is Human Resources, because at work I am responsible for the early uptake of new personal ingress

HUMAN RESOURCES

Is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals

Recruitment and selection 

Applicant recruitment and employee selection form a major part of an organization's overall resourcing strategies, which identify and secure people needed for the organization to survive and succeed in the short- to medium-term. Recruitment activities need to be responsive to the increasingly competitive market to secure suitably qualified and capable recruits at all levels. To be effective, these initiatives need to include how and when to source the best recruits, internally or externally. Common to the success of either are: well-defined organizational structures with sound job design, robust task and person specification and versatile selection processes, reward, employment relations and human resourse policies, underpinned by a commitment for strong employer branding and on boarding strategies.

IDEA PRINCIPAL DEL TEXTO 

La idea principal del texto es dar una breve descripción sobre el departamento de Recursos Humanos y una de sus funciones (Reclutamiento y Selección), la cual la antes mencionada en el texto es el área en la cual me desempeño. 

TEXTO EN ESPAÑOL

Los recursos humanos es un término usado para describir a los individuos que componen la fuerza de trabajo de una organización, aunque se aplica también en economía del trabajo, por ejemplo, los sectores empresariales e incluso naciones enteras, los recursos humanos es también el nombre de la función dentro de una organización encargada de la responsabilidad general de la aplicación de estrategias y políticas relacionadas con la gestión de las personas.

El reclutamiento y selección de candidatos de los empleados forman una parte importante de las estrategias generales de asignación de recursos de una organización, que identificar y asegurar los necesarios para la organización para sobrevivir y tener éxito en el corto y mediano plazo. Las actividades de reclutamiento deben responder al mercado cada vez más competitivo para asegurar a personal convenientemente cualificado y capacitado en todos los niveles.. Para ser eficaces, estas iniciativas deben incluir cómo y cuándo la mejor fuente de reclutas, interna o externamente. Comunes para el éxito de cualquiera son: definir las estructuras de organización, bien con el diseño de trabajo de sonido, la tarea robusto y especificación de la persona y los procesos de selección versátil, recompensa, relaciones laborales y las politicas de recursos humanos, respaldada por un compromiso fuerte de la marca del empleador y compromiso de los empleados y de abordaje estrategias.

Selección de 3 Oraciones:

1 - Human resources Is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization.

Frase nominal:  HUMAN RESOURCES Is a term used to describe the individuals  
Pre modificadores: HUMAN RESOURCES Is a term used to describe the
Post modificadores: who

Nucleo: individuals

Frase verbal:  make up the workforce of an organization.

Nucleo: make

Tiempo verbal: Presente Simple

2 - Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals.

Frase nominal:  Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization
Pre modificadores:

Post modificadores: resources is also the name of the function within an organization
Nucleo: Human

Frase verbal:  charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and       policies relating to the management of individuals

Nucleo: charged

Tiempo verbal: Presente simple

3 -  Applicant recruitment and employee selection form a major part of an organization's overall resourcing strategies, which identify and secure people needed for the organization to survive and succeed in the short- to medium-term.

Frase nominal: Applicant recruitment and employee selection form a major part of an organization's overall resourcing strategies, which

Pre modificadores: 

Post modificadores: recruitment and employee selection form a major part of an organization's overall resourcing strategies, which 

Nucleo: Applicant

Frase verbal:  identify and secure people needed for the organization to survive and succeed in the short- to medium-term.

Nucleo: Identify   

Tiempo verbal: Presente simple

Ejemplos de elementos referenciales

- Pronombres demostrativos: these
- Conectores: Either, and

UNIDAD I

Uso del diccionario

Un diccionario es una obra de consulta de palabras o términos que se encuentran ordenados alfabéticamente. De dichas palabras o términos se proporciona su significado, etimología, ortografía y, en el caso de ciertas lenguas, fija su pronunciación y separación silábica. La información que proporciona varía según el tipo de diccionario del que se trate.

Albert Einstein

Was a German-born theoretical physicist who discovered the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".

Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.

Palabras nuevas:

1.    Theoretical (ADJ) :Teórica (W.C)

2.    Achievement  (S.C) : logro realizado (W.C)

3.     Regarded (VERB):  considerado (W.C)

4.    Quantum  (S): Cuántico (W.C)

5.    Whole (S): Totalidad (W.C)

Significados de abreviaturas:

* S.C: Sustantivo incomtable. 

* VERB: Verbo

* S: Sustantivo

* ADJ: Adjetive

* WC: Content Words

Categorías Lexicales:

Verbos: reconcile
Adverbio: enough, often
Adjetivo: termal, near
Artículo: the,a
Preposiciones: in, to

  Conjunción: and, as
Cognados Verdaderos: general, special
Falsos cognados:
Sufijo: especially,statistical
Prefijos: explanations, discovered
Sustantivo: deal, motion

Idea principal del texto:

       El texto trata acerca de un resumen de lo que fue la vida del famoso físico alemán que hizo descubrimientos muy importantes para nuestra comunidad y es considerado como el científico más importante del siglo xx.

Resumen del texto (en español):

Albert Einstein fue un físico teórico alemán que descubrió la teoría de la relatividad general , efectuando una revolución en la física . Por este logro, Einstein es considerado padre de la física moderna. Recibió en 1921 el Premio Nobel de Física por sus servicios a la física teórica, y sobre todo por su descubrimiento de la ley del efecto fotoeléctrico.

Cerca del comienzo de su carrera, Einstein pensaba que la mecánica de Newton ya no era suficiente para conciliar las leyes de la mecánica clásica con las leyes del campo electromagnético. Esto llevó al desarrollo de su teoría de la relatividad

TAREA EJEMPLO REALIZADA EN CLASE:

Project Management Objectives

• Coordinate the various interrelated processes of the project.
• Ensure project includes all the work required, and only the work required, to complete the project successfully.
• Ensure that the project is completed on time and within budget.
• Ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
• Ensure the most effective use of the people involved with the project.
• Promote effective communication between the projects team members and key stakeholders.
• Ensure that project risks are identified, analyzed, and responded.

In practice, Project Management follows a Phased Approach for Project Excution and have a standard defined Project Life Cycle. Teamwork and Quality Assurance are few important inherent characteristics of successful Project Management. 

PALABRAS NUEVAS: 

Management: (n) Directivos, Gestión, Administración.

Ensure: (v.t) Asegurar, Garantizar.

Budget: (n.a) Presupuesto.

Undertaken: (v) Asumir.

stakeholders:  (n.a) Interasados, Socios, Inversionistas.

ABREVIACIONES:

n: Nombre
v: Verbo
v.t: Verbo Transitivo
n.a: Nombre Contable

Todas las palabras son de contenido

CATEGORÍAS LEXICALES:

Sustantivo: Project - people
Adjetivos: Interrelated - Effective
Adverbios: Only - Successfully
Verbos: Work - Coordinate
Conjucciones: Between - And
Preposiciones: On - Of
Articulos (Demostrativos) : That
Prefijos: Inlated - En_sure ter_re
Sufijos: Succesful_ly - Import_ant

Cognados Verdaderos: Characteristics - Identified

Cognados Falsos: Quality

IDEA PRINCIPAL DEL TEXTO:

La ides principal de este texo es sobre los objetivos principales que deben cumplirse para obtener una buena gestión de proyectos y cumplir con el ciclo de vida del proyecto. 

TEXTO EN ESPAÑOL:

Objetivos de la Gestión de Proyecto:

     * Coordinar los distintos procesos relacionados entre sí del proyecto.
     * Asegúrese que el proyecto incluye todo el trabajo requerido, y sólo el trabajo requerido, para completar el proyecto con éxito.
     * Asegúrese de que el proyecto se termine a tiempo y dentro del presupuesto.
     * Asegúrese de que el proyecto satisfaga las necesidades para las cuales se llevó a cabo.
     * Asegúrese del uso más eficaz de las personas involucradas con el proyecto.
     * Promover la comunicación eficaz entre los miembros del equipo de proyectos y los principales interesados​​.
     * Asegúrese de que los riesgos del proyecto son identificados, analizados y respondidos.

En la práctica, gestión de proyectos sigue un enfoque por fases para el proyecto excution y tienen un tipo que se define el ciclo de vida del proyecto. El trabajo en equipo y control de calidad son algunas características importantes inherentes de éxito de gestión de proyectos.